A Training of Trainers (ToT) Programme on Yoga under the Sagar Mein Yog (SMY) initiative of the Directorate General of Shipping was attended and successfully completed by faculty members Shri Anil Kumar Mishra and Shri S D Lakshmana of IMU-MPC during 15–17 December 2025 at NUSI Holiday Homes, Lonavala.
     The three-day residential programme focused on uniform implementation of the standardized yoga syllabus across Maritime Training Institutes. It included theory sessions, practical yoga practices, teaching methodology, posture correction, safety aspects, and assessments. The programme emphasized holistic physical and mental well-being of seafarers and effective classroom delivery of yoga practices.

     Dr. S. Thangalakshmi, Associate Professor (Electrical), IMU-Mumbai Port Campus, took part in the Third RegLitter Asia Regional Task Force Workshop held from 8 to 12 December 2025 at Kochi. The workshop was organised by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), with India serving as the Lead Partnering Country.
     She attended the inaugural and Day 1 sessions as a nominated member of the National Task Force under the RegLitter Project. The sessions covered MARPOL Annex V implementation, the international legal framework on marine plastic litter, and strategies for integrating global instruments into national systems. The event brought together experts and delegates from several Asian countries, both in person and online.
     Her participation reflects IMU’s continued commitment to national and regional initiatives aimed at reducing sea-based marine plastic litter and strengthening maritime environmental governance.

     IMU participated in the Global Education Fair & Career Guidance Program 2025-26 in Agra (U.P.) from December 4-6, 2025. The team, led by Shri Hare Ram Hare and Capt. Parag Malhotra, aimed to boost outreach and inform students about the admission process for AY 2026-27.
      The team visited several schools, including St. Andre's, Prelude Public, Rajendra Swarup Public, and St. Conard's, engaging with principals, teachers, parents, and students. Around 1,000 people, including 350 girls, showed interest in maritime education at the IMU booth.

     IMU participated in the Global Education Fair & Career Guidance Program 2025-26 in Indore (M.P.) from November 3-4, 2025. The team, led by Shri Hare Ram Hare and Shri Vivek Chauhan, aimed to boost outreach and inform students about the admission process for AY 2026-27.
      The team visited several schools, including South valley international school, Sky Height school and Delhi world public school, engaging with principals, teachers, parents, and students. Around 500 people, including 150 girls, showed interest in maritime education at the IMU booth.

     IMU Mumbai Port Campus participated in the Youth Maritime Career Conclave, SEANEXT 2025, held on 29 November 2025 at Thakur College of Science and Commerce, Mumbai. The event was organised by the Seagyan Maritime Foundation to guide students on emerging opportunities in the maritime sector and saw an enthusiastic turnout of more than 200 participants. The chief guest of the event was Hon’ble Adv. Ashish Shelar, Cabinet Minister for IT & Cultural Affairs, Government of Maharashtra.
     Capt. Sunil Chand Panigrahy, Director (i/c), IMU-MPC, attended the conclave as an invited speaker and delivered a session on IMU’s academic offerings, industry relevance and career prospects for young maritime aspirants. A team of 35 first-year B.Tech (Marine Engineering) cadets, accompanied by faculty members, also took part in the programme.
     The campus showcased its presence through banners, standees and active interaction by cadets with industry leaders. The conclave offered valuable insights into India’s maritime vision and provided meaningful exposure for students exploring careers in the maritime domain.

     Dr. S. Thangalakshmi was nominated as a member of the “National Task Force - Reglitter Project”, representing Indian Maritime University. In this capacity, she participated (online) in “The OceanLitter Programme: Global Task Force Training and Workshop” organised by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), held at the IMO Headquarters, London, United Kingdom, from 12–14 November 2025. Two research works co-authored by Thangalakshmi S and Gopi Krishna C (Engineering Wing, Directorate General of Shipping, Mumbai, India) were presented, and their abstract posters were also displayed at the workshop:

• · Empowering Women Leaders in Marine Litter Reduction: A Coastal Community Perspective – presented the paper and displayed the poster.
• · Digital and Operational Pathways for Closed-Loop Management of Fishing Gear Waste – presented the paper and displayed the poster.

     IMU Mumbai Port Campus observed Vigilance Awareness Week 2025 from 27th October to 02 November with a series of activities aimed at promoting integrity and transparency. The week began with the integrity pledge, followed by awareness sessions, slogan displays and student interactions on ethical practices.
     Faculty, staff and cadets participated actively, reinforcing the message of accountability in academic and administrative work. The campus reaffirmed its commitment to fostering a fair and responsible environment aligned with the national theme for Vigilance Awareness Week 2025 - Vigilance: Our Shared Responsibility

     The first batch of Radar, ARPA and NAV Simulator (RANSCO) courses was inaugurated at IMU Mumbai Port Campus on 18th November 2025 in the presence of Capt. S.C. Panigrahy, Campus Director (i/c), faculty, staff and a full batch of participants. The session opened with brief remarks on the importance of advanced navigational competence in the modern maritime sector.
The faculty outlined the course structure and expectations, and the participants were encouraged to make full use of the training facilities at the campus. The inaugural event set a positive tone for the batch as they begin their learning journey in this specialized programme.

     IMU Showcases Innovation at Indian Maritime Week 2025

     Indian Maritime University (IMU) set up an impressive stall at the Indian Maritime Week 2025, held from 27th to 31st October 2025, highlighting innovations in maritime education, research, and technology. The exhibit, designed and managed by cadets and staff of IMU Mumbai Port Campus (MPC), drew wide attention from national and international maritime delegates.
     The IMU stall featured student-led projects, including marine technology models, renewable energy applications, and virtual reality simulations that offered visitors an immersive maritime experience. The initiative showcased IMU’s commitment to advancing maritime knowledge through creativity and applied learning.
     The exhibition received appreciation from several foreign delegates who commended the cadets’ technical acumen and professionalism. The Vice Chancellor of IMU, Dr. Malini Shankar (Retd. IAS), visited the stall and praised the enthusiastic efforts of MPC cadets and faculty for their innovative exhibits and startup ideas that reflected the spirit of India’s growing maritime excellence.
     The event reinforced IMU’s role in “Steering Indian Maritime Education” and promoting the next generation of maritime professionals through experiential learning and innovation.

OPTICA – Frames of MERI Mumbai is the annual photography magazine by CAPTURA – The Photography Club of the Indian Maritime University, Mumbai Port Campus. More than just a collection of photographs, OPTICA captures the heart of campus life — from classroom moments and cultural celebrations to sporting achievements and everyday memories. Each frame reflects the creativity, discipline, and camaraderie that define the cadet experience at MERI Mumbai.
Photography Club - MPC magazine OPTICA

     Indian Maritime University – Mumbai Port Campus participated in the Bhavya Pradarshan Pragatisheel Maharashtra 2025, an educational and career guidance exhibition held at Jalgaon on 3rd, 4th & 5th November 2025.
     The IMU-MPC stall drew strong interest from students, parents, and teachers eager to learn about maritime education and career opportunities in the merchant navy. Visitors interacted with IMU representatives, viewed short maritime career videos on LED screens, and received university brochures and souvenirs

     Indian Maritime University received the prestigious Maritime Excellence Achievers 2025 Award on 30 October 2025 during India Maritime Week (IMW) 2025. The award was presented by Hon’ble Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Shri Sarbananda Sonowal, in recognition of IMU’s outstanding contribution to maritime education, training, and research.
     Accepting the award, IMU Vice Chancellor Dr. Malini Shankar (Retd. IAS) expressed her delight and appreciation for the recognition, noting that it reflects the university’s continued commitment to developing skilled maritime professionals and advancing India’s maritime vision.
     The award highlights IMU’s role as a leading institution dedicated to excellence and innovation in maritime higher education.

     Indian Maritime University actively participated in the Strategic Planning Session on “Maritime Human Capital” held during the India Maritime Week (IMW) 2025 on 30 October 2025. The session was chaired by Hon’ble Union Minister of Labour & Employment, Youth Affairs & Sports, Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya.
    Capt. S. C. Panigrahy, representing IMU, was one of the plenary speakers and shared insights on maritime workforce development, training, and education. The session highlighted the collaborative efforts of IMU and the Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) in shaping strategies for strengthening India’s maritime human capital.
    The event brought together leaders and experts from the maritime sector to discuss policies and initiatives aimed at advancing skill development and capacity building in alignment with India’s vision for a robust maritime future.

     Congratulations to the Master ASM NCV Batch (1st Sept. to 15th Oct. 2025) students on their successful completion, pictured here alongside the esteemed Faculty of IMU-MPC. These group photographs capture the spirit of achievement and camaraderie, reflecting the hard work and dedication of both students and faculty. Wishing all graduates fair winds and successful voyages in their maritime careers.

     Cadets from Indian Maritime University, Mumbai Port Campus visited the Kenmark Tech Solution workshop on 11 October 2025 to gain hands-on exposure to practical aspects of marine engineering and technology. Shri Sanjeev Mehra, Managing Director, personally guided the cadets through the facility, explaining various processes and equipment operations. The visit provided valuable field knowledge and enhanced the cadets' understanding of industry practices, bridging the gap between classroom learning and real-world applications.

     The Indian Maritime University (IMU), in collaboration with the Institute of Marine Engineers (India) and DMET–MERI Alumni, organized the 5th edition of I-ESKIMO (Indian ESKIMO – IMU Mock IMO Session) on 9 October 2025 at Ravindra Natya Mandir, Mumbai.
     The event was graced by Shri Shantanu Thakur, Hon'ble Minister of State for Ports, Shipping and Waterways, as Chief Guest, along with Shri Sushil Mansing Khopde, IPS, Addl. Director General of Shipping, and Shri Rajeev Nayyer, President, IME(I), as Guests of Honour. The occasion was also attended by Dr. (Mrs.) Malini V. Shankar, IAS (Retd.), Vice Chancellor, IMU, Dr. Rajoo Balaji, Pro Vice Chancellor, Cmde K.D. Joshi (IN) Retd, and Campus Directors Capt.Mihir Chandra (IMU–NMC) and Capt. S.C. Panigrahy (IMU–MPC).
     I-ESKIMO, a flagship academic initiative, simulates real IMO sessions to help students understand maritime policy, conventions, and governance. The 2025 edition saw record participation with 204 teams and 163 research submissions, reflecting growing student engagement in international maritime discourse.

IMU-Mumbai Port Campus organized a guest lecture on 3rd October 2025 under the Swasth Nari Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan for Girl Cadets and female staff/faculty. Dr. Vinod Kumar Sharma and Health Education experts from Mumbai Port Trust Hospital highlighted the importance of preventive care, healthy lifestyle, and women’s well-being. The interactive session was well received and encouraged participants to prioritize health and empowerment.
Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan Report

Gandhi Jayanti and Lal Bahadur Shastri Jayanti were celebrated with great enthusiasm at IMU-Mumbai Port Campus on 2nd October 2025 by cadets and faculty. The event honored the enduring legacy of Mahatma Gandhi and the visionary leadership of Lal Bahadur Shastri, inspiring everyone with their values of truth, non-violence, and dedication to the nation.

IMU–MPC observed Swachhta Pakhwada 2025 from 17 September to 2 October with active participation from cadets, faculty and staff. The programme began with the Swachhta Pledge, reaffirming our commitment to a clean and responsible campus.
During the fortnight, several cleanliness activities were carried out. Cadets and staff took part in a coordinated campus cleaning drive, covering academic blocks, hostels and common areas. A dedicated beach cleaning activity was also organised, where cadets helped remove litter and spread awareness on keeping coastal areas clean.

Cadets and Faculty of IMU Mumbai Port Campus visited the Directorate General of Shipping’s 75th Anniversary Maritime Exhibition at Bharat Ratnam – Mega Common Facilitation Centre, JNCH, SEEPZ SEZ, Mumbai on 18th September 2025. It was a truly inspiring experience. The exhibition beautifully captured the remarkable journey of India’s maritime sector, highlighting its rich heritage, evolving technologies, and significant achievements over the decades.

On 24th September 2025, IMU Mumbai Port Campus (IMU-MPC) successfully organized an interactive session for post-sea students with the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS). The event provided a valuable platform for students to engage directly with DGS officials, discuss key maritime industry topics, and seek clarifications about their future careers at sea. The session featured insightful presentations, open discussions, and an interactive Q&A, ensuring that students received up-to-date information and guidance relevant to their professional growth. The IMU-MPC community thanks DGS for their continued support and commitment to maritime education.

Indian Maritime University – Mumbai Port Campus observed National Anti-Ragging Day on 12th August 2025, followed by Anti-Ragging Week from 12th to 18th August 2025. Faculty and cadets came together to reaffirm their commitment to a safe, respectful, and inclusive campus environment.
Awareness sessions, talks, and activities were organized to highlight the importance of eradicating ragging and promoting mutual respect among cadets. The program also reminded everyone of the guidelines of the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the need for collective responsibility in ensuring a healthy learning atmosphere.
The active participation of cadets and faculty reinforced IMU-MPC’s resolve to maintain a zero-tolerance policy towards ragging and to nurture a culture of discipline, dignity, and camaraderie.

Faculty members and cadets of Indian Maritime University – Mumbai Port Campus attended the Global Ports & Shipping Summit 2025 held on September 25, 2025, at Taj Santacruz, Mumbai. Organized by ET Infra on the occasion of World Maritime Day, the summit was themed “Anchoring Indian Maritime Vision.”
The event brought together national and international leaders from the maritime sector, including the Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Shri Sarbananda Sonowal, who outlined India’s vision to become a top shipbuilding nation by 2030 and a global maritime leader by 2047. Sessions focused on shipping reforms, infrastructure financing, green ports, workforce development, and international collaborations.
The participation of IMU-MPC cadets and faculty provided valuable exposure to emerging trends, innovations, and policies shaping the future of India’s maritime industry.

A guest lecture was organized at Indian Maritime University - Mumbai Port Campus (IMU-MPC) on 15th September 2025, marking the inauguration of the Inter-House Annual Sports Meet UDGOSH 2025-2026 for the cadets and faculty. Shri Rajeev Sarang, General Manager at Fleet Management Ltd. and Nutritionist, addressed the cadets, sharing insights on leadership, nutrition, and the importance of physical fitness in maritime professions. The event commenced with an opening ceremony featuring all house flags, faculty, and cadets in a vibrant display of unity and competitive spirit.
This encourages teamwork, discipline, and healthy competition among the cadets, setting the tone for an energetic sports season. The presence of esteemed guests and the recognition of outstanding cadet and faculty achievements highlighted the campus commitment to holistic development and excellence in both academics and co-curricular activities

The cadets, faculty, and staff of Indian Maritime University – Mumbai Port Campus witnessed online the national event “Samudra Se Samriddhi” addressed by Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on 20th September 2025.
The event, organized at Jawahar Ground, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, marked a significant boost to India’s maritime sector with the laying of foundation stones and inauguration of various projects under the Sagarmala initiative. The Prime Minister highlighted the crucial role of maritime development in driving economic growth and strengthening India’s global trade presence.
The IMU-MPC community participated virtually with great enthusiasm, gaining insights into the Government of India’s vision for transforming the maritime sector and its opportunities for the future.

Cadets and faculty members of Indian Maritime University, Mumbai Port Campus actively participated in INMEX-SMM India 2025, South Asia’s largest maritime exhibition and conference, held at the Bombay Exhibition Centre, Mumbai from 10–12 September 2025.
This participation reflects IMU-MPC’s commitment to providing holistic learning opportunities that combine classroom training with real-world exposure to the maritime industry.

The Indian Maritime University, Mumbai Port Campus successfully underwent the Pre-Sea Comprehensive Inspection Programme (CIP) conducted by IRS Surveyors Team Leader Ajay Gokhale and Capt. Girish Narwani on 16–17 September 2025. The inspection covered all academic, training, and infrastructural aspects of the campus. IMU-MPC secured Grade A1, reflecting the high standards maintained in training and facilities for cadets.

Indian Maritime University, was honored with the Excellence in Performance Award during the Ujjwal Rajasthan Mega Exhibition 2.0 held at Udaipur, Rajasthan, from 11th to 13th September 2025.
The award was presented on 13th September 2025 by Dr. Manna Lal Rawat, Hon’ble Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha, Udaipur, recognizing IMU’s outstanding participation and contribution at the event.
The mega exhibition witnessed the participation of all major government departments, organizations, NGOs, and companies, with thousands of students and citizens visiting the stalls. Around 5,000 people attended the exhibition, which focused on diverse themes including education, career development, science and technology, infrastructure, agriculture, and tribal development.
IMU-MPC was efficiently represented by Shri Anil Kumar Mishra and Shri T. Devendrappa, who showcased the university’s vision, academic programs, and contributions to maritime education, earning appreciation from visitors and dignitaries alike. Their efforts led to IMU receiving this prestigious recognition.

Capt. Ashwani Jhingan, Faculty of Indian Maritime University–Mumbai Port Campus, presented a paper titled “Maritime Law & Policy: Navigating Global Compliance & Trade – A Strategic Overview for Legal Practitioners and Commercial Professionals” at the INMEX–SMM India Conference held from 10–12 September 2025 at Bombay Exhibition Centre, Mumbai.
The paper highlighted the importance of maritime law and policy in shaping international trade, covering key frameworks such as UNCLOS and IMO conventions, compliance challenges for shipping companies, risk management through contracts and insurance, and the impact of emerging issues like decarbonization, digitalization, and geopolitical tensions. The presentation emphasized the need for collaboration between legal and commercial professionals to effectively navigate the evolving maritime landscape.

Ten meritorious students from IMU, accompanied by faculty members, visited Delhi from 8–10 September 2025. The educational-cum-cultural tour included Amrit Udyan, Rashtrapati Bhavan, Kartavya Path, Raj Ghat, Red Fort, and the National War Memorial. The visit offered students a unique opportunity to connect with India’s heritage and democratic traditions. The participants returned with enriching experiences that combined learning, culture, and national pride.

IMU Mumbai Port Campus celebrated National Sports Day on 29th August 2025 to mark the birth anniversary of hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand. Cadets and staff took a pledge to uphold the values of sportsmanship, fitness, and discipline, followed by sports activities. Friendly matches in volleyball, badminton, table tennis, and chess brought energy and camaraderie to the event. The celebrations continued with fitness awareness talks, reinforcing the importance of a healthy lifestyle.

Capt. Sunil Chand Panigrahy, Director (In-Charge), Indian Maritime University – Mumbai Port Campus, participated as an invited speaker in the flagship maritime conference organized by the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS) to mark its 75 Years of service. The conference, themed “India Navigating Through T³: Training, Transition, Transformation – Building a Technologically Advanced, Risk-Ready, and Sustainable Maritime Ecosystem”, was held on 25th August 2025 at Hotel Aurika, Andheri East, Mumbai.
The event was inaugurated in the presence of Chief Guest Dr. Malini V. Shankar, IAS, Vice Chancellor, Indian Maritime University, with keynote address by Shri Shyam Jagannathan, IAS, Director General of Shipping, and introductory remarks by Shri Sushil Mansingh Khopde, IPS, Additional Director General of Shipping. It brought together leaders, industry stakeholders, and experts to deliberate on the evolving dimensions of maritime training, safety, and sustainability.
Capt. Panigrahy spoke in Session 2: “Future-Proofing Seafarers: Transforming Training for Competence, Confidence, and Compliance”, which focused on reforms in seafarer training through structured skill-building, simulation-based learning, and curriculum aligned with global maritime standards.
Holding an Extra Master Certificate of Competency, Capt. Panigrahy brings nearly four decades of experience in sailing, maritime administration, training, and examinations. Since beginning his career with SCI in 1988 and later serving as Nautical Surveyor at the DGS, he has held key roles including Captain Superintendent (In-Charge) of T.S. Chanakya and Principal (In-Charge) of LBS CAMSAR. Currently, he heads IMU-MPC, overseeing both Post-Sea and Pre-Sea courses at LBS CAMSAR and MERI.
His participation at this landmark conference underlines IMU-MPC’s commitment to shaping future-ready seafarers and contributing to India’s maritime growth.

The Stage 1 Audit of IMU – Mumbai Port Campus for ISO 45001:2018 (Occupational Health and Safety Management System) was conducted on 18th August 2025 by Indian Register Quality Systems (IRQS), a division of IRCLASS Systems and Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Led by Mr. Haridasan Thekkethil, the Stage 1 Audit provided valuable insights into the effectiveness of the existing system and confirmed IMU-MPC’s readiness for the upcoming Stage 2 Audit.

Indian Maritime University – Mumbai Port Campus proudly celebrated the 79th Independence Day on 15th August 2025 with great enthusiasm and patriotic fervor. The celebration began with the hoisting of the National Flag by Capt. S.C. Panigrahy, Campus Director (i/c), followed by the National Anthem and a ceremonial salute. In his address, Capt. Panigrahy highlighted the significance of the day and encouraged everyone to uphold the values of freedom, unity, and responsibility. The event witnessed active participation from faculty, staff, and cadets, reflecting the spirit of pride and commitment to the nation.

An orientation programme for the newly joined B.Tech and PGDME cadets was conducted on 5th August 2025 at the IMU-MPC Auditorium. The session was aimed at familiarizing the cadets with the campus environment and helping them transition smoothly into academic and residential life. During the programme, the cadets were briefed about the rules, regulations, code of conduct, and facilities available on campus including the Library, Hostel, Recreation Hall, Sports amenities, and other student support services. Faculty and staff members highlighted the importance of discipline, teamwork, and professional development, encouraging cadets to make full use of the opportunities provided at IMU-MPC.

Mrs. Jaya C. T., representing Indian Maritime University – Mumbai Port Campus, participated in a special workshop organized by the Office of the Deputy Chairperson of the Maharashtra Legislative Council on 13 August 2025 at Vidhan Bhavan, Mumbai.  The workshop focused on critical topics including women and child safety during festivals, disaster management, and the responsibilities of security agencies and municipal bodies. Her participation highlighted IMU-MPC’s commitment to community engagement, women’s empowerment, and public safety initiatives.

Indian Maritime University–Mumbai Port Campus conducted a fire drill on 5th August 2025 from 11:00 AM to 12:00 PM to ensure preparedness for fire emergencies. The drill, organized by P.P. Kumbhar (SPPO) with CPWD support, included a safety demonstration by Shri I.M. Chavan (Training Officer). Selected cadets practiced using fire extinguishers and water hoses. The exercise involved various firefighting equipment, including water, foam, and CO₂ extinguishers, and was carried out smoothly with orderly evacuation by all participants.

Dr. Thangalakshmi, Associate Professor, MPC represented IMU in the India Circular Economy Forum (ICEF2025) held on 30-31 July 2025 at Radisson Udyog Vihar, Gurugram. IMU was one of the academic sponsors of the event.

The following faculty members from IMU–Mumbai Port Campus participated in the Design Thinking & Innovation Program at IIT-Madras during 22-24 July 2025:

1. Shri Bhaskar Chandra Rout, Lecturer (Mathematics)
2. Dr. Thangalakshmi S, Associate Professor (Electrical Engineering)
3. Shri Nandhakrishnan S L, Assistant Professor (Mechanical Engineering)

The program equipped the faculty with practical tools and frameworks that will help them in mentoring students, supporting IMU’s innovation initiatives, and integrating design thinking into both teaching and research.

Capt. Mohit Behl, Deputy Nautical Advisor, cum Sr. DDG Tech and Capt. Manish Kumar, Nautical Surveyor cum DDG Tech visited IMU-MPC (LBSCAMSAR & MERI) on 24-25 July 2025 for the inspection of the RANSCO & ARPA Simulators and approval of other 3 post-sea courses.

Indian Maritime University (IMU), representing both Mumbai Port Campus (MPC) and Navi Mumbai Campus (NMC), participated in the prestigious Samridh Gujarat 2025 mega exhibition held at Ahmedabad from 3rd to 5th July 2025. Organized by the Sansa Foundation under the guidance of Shri Dinesh Makwana, Hon’ble Member of Parliament (Ahmedabad West), the event brought together more than 50 key institutions from across sectors to showcase government schemes, scientific innovations, and developmental initiatives. On 5th July 2025 during the valedictory function, IMU was honored with the "Best Stall" Award for excellent crowd engagement and explanation of maritime education and encouraging awareness about government maritime initiatives. The "Best Stall" recognition stands as a testimony to IMU’s academic excellence, outreach, and dedication toward shaping maritime futures.